a. Abel, T. C. (1994). Masculine Spirituality / Male Sexuality. Delivered at Brown University b. Corbin, A. (1999). Men, Jung, And the Feminine. Abstract: Because Mythopoetic men draw upon Jungian psychological theory, in particular the idea of archetypes, archetypes are defined…and suggestions are made that there is resistance to Mythopoetic men want to use terms like “deep masculine” and are resistant to as feminine. The common option of reclaiming valued “feminize “ traits (such as nurturance, sensitivity, etc.) as “masculine” is disallowed as a violation of the understanding of archetypes, and potentially rooted in sexist valuation of the masculine over the feminine. It is argued that the resistance to the term “feminine” is due to unconscious socialization, which is based in misogynist assumptions. c. Franklin, C. W. III (nd). Pedagogical and Contextual Issues Affecting African American Males in School and Society. d. Morrell, R. (nd). Gender and Education: The Place of Masculinity in South African Schools. Abstract: The expansion of theoretical and research work on gender equity has focused on improving the lot of female students. The new approach suggests that only a holistic approach, which takes into account both girls and boys and which tackles the complex origins and forms of gender inequality in education can succeed. Masculinity and schooling was the focus of a workshop at the University of Natal in July 1997. International and local participants focused on violence in schools as the greatest obstacle to gender justice. It was agreed that it was imperative to free schools of violence. The papers from this international Conference are catalogued in Special Collections under title of Colloquium Masculinities in Southern Africa, call number HQ1090.7 .A36 C6, and are as follows: i. Carton, B. Men Before Their Time: Youth Power and African Generational Conflict in South Africa, 1880 – 1906. ia. Programme ib. Connell, R. W. Men in the World: Masculinities and Globalization. ii. Guy, J. An Accommodation of Patriarchs: Theophilus Shepstone and the Foundation of the System of Native Administration in Natal. iii. Hyslop, J. Jandamarra, My Great-Grandfather and the British Empire: Reflections on Family History, Colonial War, and the Making of Men and Women.. iv. Swart, S. A Conservative Revolution: Republican Masculinity and the 1914 Boer Rebellion. v. Breckenridge, K. The Forensics of Violence Underground. Abstract: This paper is an attempt to chart the characteristics and boundaries of violence between black workers and their white supervisors, from the outbreak of the First World War until the end on the second. In this period, the relationship between white and black workers in the depths of the Witwatersrand was one of a small group of common racial encounters between settlers and natives in Southern Africa as intrinsically violent. vi. Burns, C. “A Man Is a Clumsy Thing Who Does Not Know How to Handle a Sick Person:” Masculinity and Male Nurses in South Africa, 1900 – 1948. vii. Miescher, S. F. The “Afflictions” of Opanyin Yaw Ata: Historicizing Subjectivity and the Study of Masculinities in Africa. Abstract: In Ghana in 1883 three male elders petitioned the Mission Inspector protesting the harsh and unjust treatment by the senior missionary at Abetifi. viii. Moodie, T. D. Manliness in Migrants and Colonizers: Vicissitudes of Male Desire. Abstract: Paper looks at aspects of mine marriages looking at complex relationships between colonial and (homo) sexual themes. ix. Epprecht, M. Nqochani: The Origins of a Dissident Sexuality in Zimbabwe. Abstract: This paper looks at the issue of political and religious leaders asserting the homosexuality (nqochani) is an exotic pathology introduced the Zimbabwe by whites. x. Epstein, D. Taking It Like a Man: Narratives of Dominant White Masculinity in South Africa. Abstract: This paper explores the history of colonial occupation which set up structures of racialised violence long before ‘apartheid’ had been invented or the detail of its legal aspects put in place. Secondly, the narrative continues the theme of white on black male violence involving South Africa’s “Lost Generation” of urban youth that received little schooling. xi. Louw, R. Husbands and Wives: Same-Sex Marriages in Mkhumbane {a township out side Durban} in the 1950’s. xii. Reddy, V. Guys for Dolls: Reading Bodies in the South African Gay Press. xiii. Beinart, W. Men, Science, Travel and Nature in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Cape. Abstract: Feminist writing has pointed out the domination of men in science, nature, and organizations. Some of the travel texts studied have the germs of various alternative masculinities which should be sought out and distinguished as refreshing legacies. xiv. Draper, M. Zen and the Art of Garden Province Maintenance: The Soft Intimacy of Hard Men in the Wilderness of KwaZulu-Natal (1955 – 1997). xv. White, L. Work, Clothes, and Talk in East and Central Africa: An Essay about Masculinity and Migrancy. Abstract: This paper examines a genre of anecdotes told by working men and former wage laborers in East and Central Africa: Men “dressing smart” were hassled by police, and in some cases “sent directly to jail.” xvi. Glaser, C. The Time of the Hazels: Masculinity, Territoriality and the Youth Gangs of Soweto, 1960 – 1976. xvii. Hemson, D. The Embrace of Comradeship: Masculinity and Resistance in KwaZulu-Nata. Abstract: The comrade movement in KwaZulu-Natal was critical in winning key areas to the African National Congress. In many areas this struggle against a well-armed and officially supported movement was conducted largely on their own initiative and without external support. The characteristics of the comrade movement were spontaneity, initiative, and heroism. This paper studies the movement from the perspective of feminist critique and social and sexual identity theory and argues that masculinity theory has a certain validity but not hegemonic strength. xviii. Megar, A. Stickfighting, Youth and the Construction of Masculine Identities in Rural Eastern Cape, 1945 – 1960. xix. Mooney, K Sheilas, Flick-knives and Sexuality: Exploring Masculine Identities in the Ducktail Youth Gang Subculture in Post-World War Two South Africa. Abstract: In the post WWII period a white youth gang subculture with its own identifiable style, beliefs, and language rose to prominence in South Africa. Their social activities were hedonistic and based on the pursuit of leisure and entertainment. xx. Xaba, T. Masculinity in a Transitional Society: The rise and Fall of ‘The Young Lions.” Abstract: This paper investigates why formen “comrades” and “exiles” – who not only were seen as the saviors of African communities during the struggle against apartheid but also fought for the new South Africa- have become the villains of their communities and are perceived to be a threat to the new south Africa. It looks at the men who abandoned their education to learn to use deadly weapons to fight apartheid. xxi. Brooks, S. Blood, Power and the Negotiations of Masculinities in the Zululand Game Reserves. Abstract: This paper is concerned with an activity, which is viewed in most cultures as quintessentially – indeed almost archetypically – male: that is, the intentional killing of animals, in particular wild animals. While hunting has perhaps become a rather marginal activity in the late 20th century in western culture, it retains enormous symbolic significance and is a persistent metaphor for characteristics of sexual and other forms of aggression, which are often unproblematically as masculine. xxii. Coullie, J. L. The Race to be Hero: Race and Gender in Roy Campbell’s Light on a Dark Horse. Abstract: Even though contemporary theories question the apparent conspicuities of race and gander, analysis tends to focus on the construction of the black and/or female subject; whiteness and maleness still remain relatively unchallenged. The danger is clear: while blackness and femininity are problematised, white and masculinity, because they tend to be marginalized or even ignored in academic discourse, come to seem to be incontestable axiomatic. Thus race comes to mean that which is not white, while gender appears to signify femininity only. This paper aims to contribute to a reversal of this trend by examining (by means of poststructural and psychoanalytic theories) the particular construction of Campbell’s white male hero, thus indicating that neither whiteness nor masculinity is simply given, ‘normal,’ or, of course, universally relevant. xxiii. Hemson, C. Ukubekezela or Ukuzithemba – African Lifesavers in Durban. Abstract: African lifesavers in Durban are relatively recent entrants into a profession that epitomizes physicality, and in South Africa, generally male physicality. Does this entry draw on and reinforce existing Nguni conceptions of male physicality or are competing notions of masculinity emerging? xxiv. Thompson, G. Making Waves, Making Men: The Emergence of Competitive Surfing and the Construction of Masculine Identities in South African Surfing, c. 1959s to 1070s. Abstract: This paper looks at the contextual specificities of the technologies of power which encode the body of a competitive surfer as masculine: that is how the judges’ gaze constructs the ‘functional” surfer as normative. The judging system, a form of social control which has permeated into surfing as a leisure activity, has become a discourse which forms a continuity between the emergence of competitive surfing in South Africa in the 1960s and the mass consumption of the professional surfing circuit of the 1990s. xxv. du Pisani, J. A. Progression in Perceptions of Masculinity Among the Afrikaans Community, 1935 – 1995. xxvi. Hern J. Searching for the Centre of Men and Men’s Power. xxvii. Lorentzen, J. A Comparative Study on Masculinity and Domenstic Violence in Norway and Zimbabwe. xxviii. Waetjen, T. and Mare, G. Warriors and Workers: Explaining Inkatha’s Masculinist Discourse. Abstract: This paper shows how ‘men’s places and practices in the larger social framework of gender, as well as class and race, relations” are accommodated and newly defined within the political discourse of Inkatha. e. Morrell, R. Articles i. Masculinity and the White Boy’s Boarding Schools of Natal, 1880 – 1930, Perspectives in Education, 1993/94, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 27 – 52. ii. Boys, Gangs, and the Making of Masculinity in the White Secondary Schools on Natal, 1880 – 1930, Masculinities, Vol. 2, No. 2, Summer, 1994, pp. 56 – 82. iii. Violences of South Africa, The IASOM Newsletter, 1999, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 15 – 20. f. Campbell, C. (1992). Learning to Kill? Mascilinity, the Family and Violence in Natal, Journal of Southern Africa Studies, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Sept.), pp. 614- 628. g. Tagnoli, J. (1998). Landscapes of Fear: Male Violence and the Home, presenter at M&M 23. h. Downing, C. (1997) Tending Soul in the Age of AIDS. M&M 22 Keynote Speech. i. Almeida, R., Woods, R., Messineo, T., Font, R. J., and Heer, C. (1994). Violence in the Lives of the Racially and Sexually Different: A Public and Private Dilemma, Hayworth Press.